TỪ VỰNG IELTS ANIMAL TESTING (Kèm ý tưởng)
PHẦN TỪ VỰNG
▪animal testing ≈ animal experimentation: thí nghiệm trên động vật
▪the breeding of genetically modified animals: việc nhân giống động vật biến đổi gen
▪non-animal alternative methods: các phương pháp thay thế phi động vật
▪to undergo safety testing involving animals: trải qua thử nghiệm an toàn sử dụng động vật
▪to replace tests with alternative techniques: thay thế các xét nghiệm bằng các kỹ thuật thay thế
▪to introduce human material into animals: đưa các tế bào/ mô… của con người vào động vật
▪to put human breast tumour cells into mice: đưa tế bào khối u ở người vào chuột
▪to allow researchers to test cancer drugs on human tissue: cho phép các nhà nghiên cứu thử nghiệm thuốc ung thư trên mô người
▪experiment on cell structures instead of whole animals: thí nghiệm trên cấu trúc tế bào thay vì trên toàn bộ cơ thể động vật
▪to use computer models: sử dụng mô hình máy tính
▪study human volunteers: nghiên cứu tình nguyện viên là con người
▪to use epidemiological studies: sử dụng nghiên cứu dịch tễ học
ARGUMENTS FOR ANIMAL TESTING
▪to contribute greatly to scientific advances: đóng góp lớn cho những tiến bộ khoa học
▪to be used to test drugs before they are given to humans: được sử dụng để kiểm tra thuốc trước khi được sử dụng trên đối tượng người
▪to study the effects of genetic diseases: nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các bệnh di truyền
▪to find out how genes work: tìm hiểu cách thức hoạt động của gen
▪to explore how organisms function: khám phá cách thức hoạt động của các bộ phận
▪to investigate treatments for human diseases: nghiên cứu các phương pháp điều trị bệnh ở người
▪to be essential in the quest to understand human diseases and ▪to develop new treatments: trở nên thiết yếu trong nỗ lực tìm hiểu các căn bệnh ở người và phát triển các phương pháp điều trị mới
▪advances in the understanding of genetics → animals can be bred with specific genetic traits → allow researchers to explore a range of conditions (cancer, heart disease, stroke, dementia): những tiến bộ trong sự hiểu biết về di truyền → động vật có thể được nhân giống với những đặc điểm di truyền cụ thể → cho phép các nhà nghiên cứu khám phá một loạt các tình trạng bệnh lý (ung thư, bệnh tim, đột quỵ, mất trí nhớ)
▪serious medical or life-saving purposes: những mục đích cứu người và mục đích y tế quan trọng
▪a wealth of medical advances → make with the help of animal research (new vaccines, treatments for cancer, Parkinson’s disease, asthma and HIV): vô số tiến bộ y tế → được thực hiện với sự trợ giúp của nghiên cứu động vật (vắc-xin mới, phương pháp điều trị ung thư, bệnh Parkinson, bệnh hen suyễn và HIV)
ARGUMENTS AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING
▪to cause suffering to animals: gây đau khổ cho động vật
▪cruel, unethical, meaningless/pointless: độc ác, phi đạo đức, vô nghĩa
▪the differences in physiology, genetics and cell structures between animals and humans → invalidate most cures devised by animal experimentation: sự khác biệt về sinh lý, di truyền và cấu trúc tế bào giữa động vật và con người → vô hiệu hóa hầu hết các phương pháp chữa bệnh được tạo ra bởi thí nghiệm trên động vật
▪HIV → deadly to humans but not to most laboratory animals → studying HIV in other species → may not produce results→ applicable to humans: HIV → gây tử vong cho người nhưng không phải với hầu hết các động vật thí nghiệm → nghiên cứu HIV ở các loài khác → có thể không tạo ra kết quả → áp dụng cho người
▪animals do not get many of the human diseases that we do: động vật không mắc nhiều bệnh mà chúng ta đang mắc
▪treatments showing promise in animals → rarely work in humans: phương pháp điều trị hứa hẹn ở động vật → hiếm khi hoạt động trên con người
https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/tu-vung-ielts-chu-de-animal-testing/
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dementia research 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
Vitamin D seems to help fight off viruses, especially COVID-19.
SUNLIGHT:A number of factors can play a role in vitamin D deficiencies in older adults. Because they spend the majority of their time indoors, older adults get minimal exposure to natural sunlight.
1.In aging adults, vitamin D deficiency is strongly linked to muscle weakness, which can manifest in different ways. In general, seniors tend to feel a heaviness in their legs and have difficulty standing up and climbing stairs.
2.Vitamin D is also necessary for aiding and regulating calcium absorption and keeps bones, muscles and teeth in excellent condition. The combination of weakened muscles and bones caused by low vitamin D levels has been associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures, which can be very dangerous and even fatal for the elderly.
3.Vitamin D is believed to help regulate immune function and the release of neurotransmitters in the brain that influence moods
4.Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels may be associated with mental health disorders like seasonal affective disorder (SAD), schizophrenia and depression. Seniors who feel depressed and tired all the time may actually suffer from vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
5.In addition, low vitamin D levels may contribute to cognitive decline and a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.
6.Weight Gain
Vitamin D appears to play an important role in regulating appetite and body weight as well. Research has shown that lower levels of vitamin D are associated with obesity, whereas increased vitamin D levels have been associated with reductions in body fat.
7.It’s believed that vitamin D controls the levels of leptin in the body—another hormone that inhibits hunger and reduces fat storage.
8.When a senior is deficient in vitamin D, these signals to the brain get disrupted and the body doesn’t know when to stop eating. This can make people overeat and gain weight.
9.Fatigue
Many older adults who are tired all the time may not realize that they could have a nutritional deficiency, so they ignore their symptoms. Low vitamin D levels may also cause widespread pain in areas like the shoulders, pelvis, ribcage and lower back, which can leave a senior feeling drained. Someone who has stiff joints and is constantly feeling fatigued might want to boost their vitamin D intake (especially if they do not go outside much or do not eat many fortified foods).
10.Digestive Issues
Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels may contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a condition characterized by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. IBD is split into two main types: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. To make matters worse, bowel diseases can interfere with the way the intestines absorb dietary fat. Since vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, GI conditions can cause nutritional deficiencies to worsen even further. #COVID19 #vitaminD #sunlight #oldage
dementia research 在 IELTS Fighter - Chiến binh IELTS Facebook 的精選貼文
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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN
Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries
A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'
B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.
C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”
TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:
Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ
Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
dementia research 在 翼 WingsThunder Youtube 的最佳解答
玩遊戲都可以做腦退化症研究? 來一齊研究 Alzheimer's Disease啦~
訂閱呀翼啦!: http://bit.ly/WingsNotice
WingsOS - 手機遊戲: http://bit.ly/WingsOS
Sea Heroes Quest - Research Game by University College London and Deutsche Telekom - Available on iOS / Android
http://apple.co/29GQ8rt / http://bit.ly/29u4CMt
http://www.seaheroquest.com/en/
======================================
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dementia research 在 What is dementia? Alzheimer's Research UK - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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