【體多啲·識多啲 X 運動心理學】❤️🔥運動員之心:鍥而不捨的最大袐密🤫
💵獎金會唔會令運動員更賣力?
【Motivation 動機💪】
2021東奧港隊獎牌獎金將加碼,其中個人項目金牌獎金300萬元增至500萬元,銀牌及銅牌分別加至250萬元及125萬元,隊際金牌則雙倍計算至1000萬元。咁多錢究竟會唔會令一眾香港運動員更落力比賽呢?
Gould (1982) 指出運動員要面對挑戰不單靠身體素質及才能,心理力量都同等重要。所以精英運動員與教練十分重視動機(Motivation)!
通過認識 Self-determination theory (SDT)自我決定論,你會發現動機其實人人都有?!😲
【Self-determination theory 自我決定論✊🏻】
1. Autonomy 自主:發自內心作出行為的欲望🤩
2. Competence 勝任:嘗試從個體出發,與環境作有效的互動;了解個體本身所具有的能力,以及個體對於任務可能完成的結果與效能🗣
3. Relatedness 歸屬:透過互動,找到自身與重要他人的關聯🪢
SDT亦指出,個體會自然地被驅使朝着能滿足基本需求的經驗進發,而這三個需求亦是促進人類自我實現的必要條件🌟
透過運動員對自主(Autonomy)、勝任(Competence)、歸屬(Relatedness)的需求,加上各種因素諸如成敗、比賽、教練等等,最終會影響運動員的動機(Motivation)。
【Instrinsic motivation 內在動機❤️🔥】
內在動機意即個人參與運動的動機基於運動本身以及其帶來的樂趣。
出現方式分別為以下3️⃣種:
1. 了解(Toward knowledge):從學到新技術,或對該運動有更深入了解而感到愉快
2. 達成(Toward accomplishment):練習是為了突破自己,或從過程中達到個人訂下之目標。
3. 感受刺激(Toward experiencing stimulation):參與運動是為了感受到運動本身的愉快感覺,例如速度感就是很多運動本身的特徵。
【Extrinsic motivation 外在動機🏆】
外在動機意即個人參與運動喺基於渴望得到有形嘅好處,例如物質、社會地位或避免接受懲罰。
出現方式分別為以下4️⃣種:
1. 外在賞酬(External regulation):最不受個人控制的外在動機種類。例如比賽獎項和獎金。
2. 內在賞酬(Introjected regulation):因未能內化外在因素,並產生壓力而做出行動。例如一個運動員話自己"一定"要做運動去令自己感覺良好。
3. 自我認同賞酬(Identified regulation):該事件能令個人達成某個目標,所以選擇做一些不有趣但重要的事。 例如一個排球運動員選擇做枯燥乏味的負重訓練因他認為此舉能提升運動表現。
4. 整合賞酬(Integrated regulation):最有自我決定性的外在動機種類,代表該行為完全附合個人的價值觀。例如一個柔道運動員練習柔道是因為所代表的精神符合他的價值觀。
【Amotivation 無動機💔】
無動機代表沒有目的,並對影響身邊環境沒有任何期待。換句話說,即個人行為與環境並無任何關聯。
例如,當一個籃球運動員聲稱不知道自己為什麼而打籃球,亦感受不到籃球能為他帶來什麼,就代表他正處於無動機(Amotivation) 狀態。
【獎金加碼有無用?🧐】
透過SDT,可以知道獎金屬於外在動機(Extrinsic motivation) 的外在賞酬(External regulation)。換句話說,獎金加碼某程度可以增加運動員的動機。
但要知道,絕大部分運動員都是視運動這媒介為自我實現的途徑。相信運動本身已帶來好多內在動機(Intrinsic motivation)俾佢哋,所以獎金好多時都只是錦上添花!
【其實每個人都有動機🥂】
當用SDT去解釋動機,會發現自主(Autonomy)、勝任(Competence)、歸屬(Relatedness)的產生動機上有十分重要的地位。而運動員就正正透過運動達成自我實現,所以佢哋就可以咁刻苦耐勞,去應付日復日嘅訓練!
可能睇緊呢篇文嘅你未必喺運動上搵到自我實現嘅途徑,但只要勇於嘗試,終有一日動機會源源不絕咁到來,助你走出屬於你自己嘅道路! 運動員之心❤️🔥人皆有之!
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💬想體你點諗:有無一件事就算無外在賞酬(External regulation),你都會願意做?
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❤️各位運動人喜歡內容嘅請追蹤、按讚、分享同收藏!
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#體多啲識多啲 #東京奧運 #港隊 #運動心理學 #內在動機 #外在動機 #PEEducation #DSEPE #文憑試 #補習 #高中體育選修科 #體育人並肩同行
同時也有3部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過31萬的網紅Spark Liang 张开亮,也在其Youtube影片中提到,【不喜歡自己的工作?不滿意現在的生活?我來教你靠長期投資來改變生活!】 你喜歡自己現在的生活嗎? 你滿意自己的工作嗎? 你是不是在勉強自己做不喜歡的事? 而自己喜歡的工作薪水卻又很少呢? 你是不是很想脫離枯燥又沒錢的生活 過自己想要的生活 做自己喜歡的事呢? 我曾經也和你們一樣 是一個普通的打工族...
「self-determination theory」的推薦目錄:
- 關於self-determination theory 在 PE Education Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於self-determination theory 在 Mordeth13 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於self-determination theory 在 國家衛生研究院-論壇 Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於self-determination theory 在 Spark Liang 张开亮 Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於self-determination theory 在 メンタリスト DaiGo Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於self-determination theory 在 メンタリスト DaiGo Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於self-determination theory 在 Self-Determination Theory - 首頁| Facebook 的評價
self-determination theory 在 Mordeth13 Facebook 的最讚貼文
Jenna Cody :
Is Taiwan a real China?
No, and with the exception of a few intervening decades - here’s the part that’ll surprise you - it never has been.
This’ll blow your mind too: that it never has been doesn’t matter.
So let’s start with what doesn’t actually matter.
Until the 1600s, Taiwan was indigenous. Indigenous Taiwanese are not Chinese, they’re Austronesian. Then it was a Dutch colony (note: I do not say “it was Dutch”, I say it was a Dutch colony). Then it was taken over by Ming loyalists at the end of the Ming dynasty (the Ming loyalists were breakaways, not a part of the new Qing court. Any overlap in Ming rule and Ming loyalist conquest of Taiwan was so brief as to be inconsequential).
Only then, in the late 1600s, was it taken over by the Chinese (Qing). But here’s the thing, it was more like a colony of the Qing, treated as - to use Emma Teng’s wording in Taiwan’s Imagined Geography - a barrier or barricade keeping the ‘real’ Qing China safe. In fact, the Qing didn’t even want Taiwan at first, the emperor called it “a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization”. Prior to that, and to a great extent at that time, there was no concept on the part of China that Taiwan was Chinese, even though Chinese immigrants began moving to Taiwan under Dutch colonial rule (mostly encouraged by the Dutch, to work as laborers). When the Spanish landed in the north of Taiwan, it was the Dutch, not the Chinese, who kicked them out.
Under Qing colonial rule - and yes, I am choosing my words carefully - China only controlled the Western half of Taiwan. They didn’t even have maps for the eastern half. That’s how uninterested in it they were. I can’t say that the Qing controlled “Taiwan”, they only had power over part of it.
Note that the Qing were Manchu, which at the time of their conquest had not been a part of China: China itself essentially became a Manchu imperial holding, and Taiwan did as well, once they were convinced it was not a “ball of mud” but actually worth taking. Taiwan was not treated the same way as the rest of “Qing China”, and was not administered as a province until (I believe) 1887. So that’s around 200 years of Taiwan being a colony of the Qing.
What happened in the late 19th century to change China’s mind? Japan. A Japanese ship was shipwrecked in eastern Taiwan in the 1870s, and the crew was killed by hostile indigenous people in what is known as the Mudan Incident. A Japanese emissary mission went to China to inquire about what could be done, only to be told that China had no control there and if they went to eastern Taiwan, they did so at their own peril. China had not intended to imply that Taiwan wasn’t theirs, but they did. Japan - and other foreign powers, as France also attempted an invasion - were showing an interest in Taiwan, so China decided to cement its claim, started mapping the entire island, and made it a province.
So, I suppose for a decade or so Taiwan was a part of China. A China that no longer exists.
It remained a province until 1895, when it was ceded to Japan after the (first) Sino-Japanese War. Before that could happen, Taiwan declared itself a Republic, although it was essentially a Qing puppet state (though the history here is interesting - correspondence at the time indicates that the leaders of this ‘Republic of Taiwan’ considered themselves Chinese, and the tiger flag hints at this as well. However, the constitution was a very republican document, not something you’d expect to see in Qing-era China.) That lasted for less than a year, when the Japanese took it by force.
This is important for two reasons - the first is that some interpretations of IR theory state that when a colonial holding is released, it should revert to the state it was in before it was taken as a colony. In this case, that would actually be The Republic of Taiwan, not Qing-era China. Secondly, it puts to rest all notions that there was no Taiwan autonomy movement prior to 1947.
In any case, it would be impossible to revert to its previous state, as the government that controlled it - the Qing empire - no longer exists. The current government of China - the PRC - has never controlled it.
After the Japanese colonial era, there is a whole web of treaties and agreements that do not satisfactorily settle the status of Taiwan. None of them actually do so - those which explicitly state that Taiwan is to be given to the Republic of China (such as the Cairo declaration) are non-binding. Those that are binding do not settle the status of Taiwan (neither the treaty of San Francisco nor the Treaty of Taipei definitively say that Taiwan is a part of China, or even which China it is - the Treaty of Taipei sets out what nationality the Taiwanese are to be considered, but that doesn’t determine territorial claims). Treaty-wise, the status of Taiwan is “undetermined”.
Under more modern interpretations, what a state needs to be a state is…lessee…a contiguous territory, a government, a military, a currency…maybe I’m forgetting something, but Taiwan has all of it. For all intents and purposes it is independent already.
In fact, in the time when all of these agreements were made, the Allied powers weren’t as sure as you might have learned about what to do with Taiwan. They weren’t a big fan of Chiang Kai-shek, didn’t want it to go Communist, and discussed an Allied trusteeship (which would have led to independence) or backing local autonomy movements (which did exist). That it became what it did - “the ROC” but not China - was an accident (as Hsiao-ting Lin lays out in Accidental State).
In fact, the KMT knew this, and at the time the foreign minister (George Yeh) stated something to the effect that they were aware they were ‘squatters’ in Taiwan.
Since then, it’s true that the ROC claims to be the rightful government of Taiwan, however, that hardly matters when considering the future of Taiwan simply because they have no choice. To divest themselves of all such claims (and, presumably, change their name) would be considered by the PRC to be a declaration of formal independence. So that they have not done so is not a sign that they wish to retain the claim, merely that they wish to avoid a war.
It’s also true that most Taiwanese are ethnically “Han” (alongside indigenous and Hakka, although Hakka are, according to many, technically Han…but I don’t think that’s relevant here). But biology is not destiny: what ethnicity someone is shouldn’t determine what government they must be ruled by.
Through all of this, the Taiwanese have evolved their own culture, identity and sense of history. They are diverse in a way unique to Taiwan, having been a part of Austronesian and later Hoklo trade routes through Southeast Asia for millenia. Now, one in five (I’ve heard one in four, actually) Taiwanese children has a foreign parent. The Taiwanese language (which is not Mandarin - that’s a KMT transplant language forced on Taiwanese) is gaining popularity as people discover their history. Visiting Taiwan and China, it is clear where the cultural differences are, not least in terms of civic engagement. This morning, a group of legislators were removed after a weekend-long pro-labor hunger strike in front of the presidential palace. They were not arrested and will not be. Right now, a group of pro-labor protesters is lying down on the tracks at Taipei Main Station to protest the new labor law amendments.
This would never be allowed in China, but Taiwanese take it as a fiercely-guarded basic right.
*
Now, as I said, none of this matters.
What matters is self-determination. If you believe in democracy, you believe that every state (and Taiwan does fit the definition of a state) that wants to be democratic - that already is democratic and wishes to remain that way - has the right to self-determination. In fact, every nation does. You cannot be pro-democracy and also believe that it is acceptable to deprive people of this right, especially if they already have it.
Taiwan is already a democracy. That means it has the right to determine its own future. Period.
Even under the ROC, Taiwan was not allowed to determine its future. The KMT just arrived from China and claimed it. The Taiwanese were never asked if they consented. What do we call it when a foreign government arrives in land they had not previously governed and declares itself the legitimate governing power of that land without the consent of the local people? We call that colonialism.
Under this definition, the ROC can also be said to be a colonial power in Taiwan. They forced Mandarin - previously not a language native to Taiwan - onto the people, taught Chinese history, geography and culture, and insisted that the Taiwanese learn they were Chinese - not Taiwanese (and certainly not Japanese). This was forced on them. It was not chosen. Some, for awhile, swallowed it. Many didn’t. The independence movement only grew, and truly blossomed after democratization - something the Taiwanese fought for and won, not something handed to them by the KMT.
So what matters is what the Taiwanese want, not what the ROC is forced to claim. I cannot stress this enough - if you do not believe Taiwan has the right to this, you do not believe in democracy.
And poll after poll shows it: Taiwanese identify more as Taiwanese than Chinese (those who identify as both primarily identify as Taiwanese, just as I identify as American and Armenian, but primarily as American. Armenian is merely my ethnicity). They overwhelmingly support not unifying with China. The vast majority who support the status quo support one that leads to eventual de jure independence, not unification. The status quo is not - and cannot be - an endgame (if only because China has declared so, but also because it is untenable). Less than 10% want unification. Only a small number (a very small minority) would countenance unification in the future…even if China were to democratize.
The issue isn’t the incompatibility of the systems - it’s that the Taiwanese fundamentally do not see themselves as Chinese.
A change in China’s system won’t change that. It’s not an ethnic nationalism - there is no ethnic argument for Taiwan (or any nation - didn’t we learn in the 20th century what ethnicity-based nation-building leads to? Nothing good). It’s not a jingoistic or xenophobic nationalism - Taiwanese know that to be dangerous. It’s a nationalism based on shared identity, culture, history and civics. The healthiest kind of nationalism there is. Taiwan exists because the Taiwanese identify with it. Period.
There are debates about how long the status quo should go on, and what we should risk to insist on formal recognition. However, the question of whether or not to be Taiwan, not China…
…well, that’s already settled.
The Taiwanese have spoken and they are not Chinese.
Whatever y’all think about that doesn’t matter. That’s what they want, and if you believe in self-determination you will respect it.
If you don’t, good luck with your authoritarian nonsense, but Taiwan wants nothing to do with it.
self-determination theory 在 國家衛生研究院-論壇 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【錯失恐懼症】目前還不是精神疾病的一種,但是對於年輕人卻有很大的影響 !! 2020年已經結束,你是否曾算過這1年來花了多少時間在追蹤別人的社群媒體?每天拿起手機第1件事就是看親友的IG、FB?害怕自己錯失或遺漏參與他們的生活?
根據2020年8月發表於《社會與個人關係期刊》的研究指出,「擔心別人在開心的時候你不在場」的這種社交焦慮症,又稱為「錯失恐懼症」,與孤獨感、低自尊和低自我同情有高度相關。【註1】
■「錯失恐懼症」(Fear of Missing Out, FoMO)
FoMO 也被翻譯為「錯失焦慮症」、「資訊遺漏恐懼感」、「恐懼錯過」、「害怕錯過」或「擔心錯過」【註2】。雖然錯失恐懼症「FoMO」(Fear of Missing Out)這個縮寫出現的時間不長,但其背後的成因卻已存在許久。
從神經生物學的角度來看,人類天生就有可能得到FoMO。早從巧人和直立人的時代【註3】,這些靠獵捕和採集為生的部落居民就很清楚自己擁有哪些東西,或者沒有擁有、但需要哪些東西才能安然度過每一天。
在那個時代,恐懼焦慮是有好處的。如果跟同伴一起遊蕩時,錯失了重要的食物來源、水源或安全的藏匿處,所有人的性命都會陷入危險。
此外,這些早期的人類知道生存還有另一項關鍵,那就是他們必須一直待在幫助他們行走在當時那種惡劣環境的群體之中。
若遭群體拋棄,或者沒有得到重要資訊,你就有危險了。你知道,在適者生存的環境中,你必須跟著群體一起行動。你必須有所歸屬。沒有FoMo,人類這個物種可能早就消失了!【註4】
■美國研究指出「錯失恐懼症與孤獨有關」
美國華盛頓州立大學學者曾針對14至47歲來自美國各地的419位參與者進行研究,透過「錯失恐懼調查」量表的10個項目,包含是否同意「我擔心自己的朋友、密友、家人在沒有我的情況下玩得很開心」,以評估參與者在其社交圈中擔心錯失活動的程度。
結果發現,「錯失恐懼症」與高孤獨感、低自尊和低自我同情有關,較可能出現在那些對自己評價不高、感到社交孤立或兩者兼具的人身上,反之,「錯失恐懼症」可能會造成孤獨、低自尊、低自我同情以及低生活滿意度。研究指出,生活中有「較高社群媒體參與度者」,其「孤獨和低自尊」與「錯失恐懼症」之間的相關性較強。
國立成功大學教育研究所所長董旭英表示,從上述研究可以發現,錯失恐懼症是1個結果,很多老師跟家長可能會因果倒置,認為青少年、成年人因為網路成癮而造成人際關係與溝通互動的問題。
但事實上卻是因為現實生活出現問題才轉向依賴網路,他們在真實生活本來就孤單疏離,借用網路媒體更加深了孤單感,呈現惡性循環,而漸漸產生錯失恐懼症或是網路成癮的現象。【註1】
■錯失恐懼症(FoMO)現象及衍生問題
目前錯失恐懼症(FoMO)相關學術研究可追溯自 Przybylski 等人(2013)以自我決定理論(Self-determination theory, SDT)的觀點來探討錯失恐懼症的行為及相關因素,包括:自主性(autonomy)、效能感(competence)及歸屬感(relatedness),並發現高度 FoMO 傾向者,由於缺少能力(效能)、自主性(有意義的選擇)及歸屬感(與他人的聯繫)的基本心理需求,會經常感到焦慮、自尊心低落以及自覺不夠好,對於社交關係也比一般人敏感,因而出現高度的社交媒體參與行為,期望藉以減少害怕失去無所不在聯繫的心理焦慮。
FoMO對於生活的各個層面皆會帶來相當程度的不利影響,尤在生理功能及心理狀態上最為研究所重視,初步彙整過去發現分述如下:
(一) 易使生活失序:
■睡眠及飲食作息異常、學習及工作表現不佳
越是頻繁、持續性關注網路社群,且密集地刷新動態(如:為了確保自己參與到朋友或同儕的各項活動及聚會),是 FoMO普遍出現的行為。
嚴重者不僅會間接出現過度使用電子產品及手機成癮症,亦因耗費大量時間在社群媒體,導致睡眠時間大幅降低,睡眠品質隨之減損,因而產生失眠、睡眠不足等症狀,且飲食方面也會同步出現障礙、失調等現象,進而影響其學習表現或工作效率。
(二) 形成負向自我概念:
■自我價值感低落、情緒及行為兩極化
FoMO易使人產生沮喪、焦慮、不安等負向情感,且具有強烈的比較心態,在一次次的比較當中,常常衍生出自尊心不足與自卑感。
由於深怕自己不被他人所需要,使其注意力大多放在自己是否與他人保持聯絡及緊密關係,情緒亦受到社群軟體的動態所牽引,因此 FoMO者常會情緒化、神經質、過度敏感,致使行為也出現偏差(如:酗酒、嘗試許多高危險性行為),進而將自己暴露於危險之中。
綜言之,過去研究一致指出,FoMO 對個人的情緒及生活滿意都帶來負面效應。值得一提是,FoMO 對各年齡層所造成的影響程度皆不同,其中以對年輕世代的青少年影響最為顯著,亟須嚴加正視。【註2】
■三步驟遠離錯失恐懼症(FoMO)
研究發現,年輕族群的「錯失恐懼症」與生活滿意度有關,對於青少年來說,被遺忘的感覺對他們的主觀幸福感有更大的影響。董氏基金會心理衛生中心主任葉雅馨建議青少年可透過3個步驟來避免社群媒體使用所帶來的不愉快:
▸第一步「辨識警訊」
當發現使用社群媒體讓自己感到不舒服、一味的羨慕對方,感覺與社群中的密友越來越疏離,甚至覺得自己很糟,應開始思考是否減少社群使用時間。
▸第二步「自我增強」
看到對方使用名牌服飾、參加派對到處遊玩,自己卻只能在家寫功課、玩遊戲,當發現自己無形中在比較時,可告訴自己不用這樣,可以「想想我有什麼,像是我很關心家人、我有莫逆之交」,增強自己在做的事情、累積自我能力,而不是否定自己去羨慕別人。
▸第三步「回歸真實」
應清楚知道社群中看到的照片與文字往往都被誇大修飾,呈現的只是他們生活中的精彩片段,而非完全的現實生活,建議可暫時將程式關閉並拿起電話打給社群中的密友,與他們聊聊天或碰個面而非沉溺在負面、比較的情境裡。【註5】
FoMO 並非一種新的現象,而是現今社會比以往擁有更多媒介,進而助長了此種擔憂。隨著網路與行動裝置的普及率提升與進步,以及青少年對於社群媒體的高度依賴下,FoMO 已然是一項值得關注的議題。
已有許多研究證實,FoMO會影響青少年的心理健康,是以如何有效協助及介入,乃是未來教育相關工作需要更加努力的方向,避免 FoMO 對青少年所造成的可能危機與日俱增。【註2】
【Reference】
1.來源
➤➤資料
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivation, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1841-1848.
∎註1:
(元氣網)「不滑IG、FB就感到焦慮? 錯失恐懼症與孤獨有關」:https://bit.ly/2KOhD7B
∎註2:
臺灣教育評論月刊,2020,9(5),頁 68-71
淺談青少年的錯失恐懼症及改善策略
http://www.ater.org.tw/journal/article/9-5/free/01.pdf
∎註3:
國立臺灣史前文化博物館 National Museum of Prehistory -「智人」:人屬(Homo)的物種,包括巧人(Homo habilis)、直立人(Homo erectus)、匠人(Homo ergaster)、人屬魯道夫種(Homo rudolfensis)以及智人(Homo sapiens)。這些人種或已滅絕,或彼此間有親緣關係。其中,智人是人屬中唯一現存的物種。而巧人則是人屬中的第一個物種,出現在距今250萬到200萬年前的東非與非洲南部,可能自南方猿人(Austropithecine)演化而來。
https://bit.ly/38WKqyz
∎註4:
獨立評論在天下 - 「FOMO錯失恐懼症:為什麼我們會一窩蜂跌進焦慮陷阱?」:https://bit.ly/38SjfVK
∎註5:
董氏基金會-華文心理健康網【董氏快訊】2020/12/29
使用社群媒體莫名感到焦慮?不妨改變網路使用習慣吧!
http://www.etmh.org/News/NewsDetails.aspx?type=1&NewId=2679
➤➤照片
∎社交網絡帶來的恐慌—「錯失恐懼症」,緩解惶恐焦慮,你需要知道!:http://bit.ly/2Lmcbsb
2. 【國衛院論壇出版品 免費閱覽】
▶國家衛生研究院論壇出版品-電子書(PDF)-線上閱覽:
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3. 【國衛院論壇學術活動】
▶https://forum.nhri.org.tw/events/
#國家衛生研究院 #國衛院 #國家衛生研究院論壇 #國衛院論壇 #衛生福利部 #國民健康署
#錯失恐懼症 #FoMO #資訊遺漏恐懼感 #恐懼錯過 #害怕錯過 #擔心錯過
衛生福利部 / 國民健康署 / 財團法人國家衛生研究院 / 國家衛生研究院-論壇 / 國立成功大學 National Cheng Kung University / 董氏基金會心理衛生中心
self-determination theory 在 Spark Liang 张开亮 Youtube 的最佳貼文
【不喜歡自己的工作?不滿意現在的生活?我來教你靠長期投資來改變生活!】
你喜歡自己現在的生活嗎?
你滿意自己的工作嗎?
你是不是在勉強自己做不喜歡的事?
而自己喜歡的工作薪水卻又很少呢?
你是不是很想脫離枯燥又沒錢的生活
過自己想要的生活
做自己喜歡的事呢?
我曾經也和你們一樣
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在實踐長期投資之前
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6:55 怎樣提升自己的能力透過做自己喜歡做的事來賺錢的境界過著幸福快樂的生活?
7:55 怎樣投資自己來提升能力?
9:42 什麼是生產性資產?
13:58 如何買入生產性資產最好的作法?
15:20 總結
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#長期投資 #投資自己 #過著自己想要的生活
self-determination theory 在 メンタリスト DaiGo Youtube 的最佳貼文
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Thuy-vy NguyenNetta WeinsteinRichard Ryan (2018) Identifying Personality Characteristics associated with the Capacity to be Alone using Big-Five Theory, Attachment Theory, and Self-Determination Theory
※この動画は、上記の参考資料および、動画を元に考察したもので、あくまで一説であり、真偽を確定するものではありません。リサーチ協力の鈴木祐さんの論文解説チャンネルもオススメです→http://ch.nicovideo.jp/paleo #今なら
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self-determination theory 在 メンタリスト DaiGo Youtube 的最佳貼文
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この動画は、以下の参考文献を元にした、DaiGoの独断と偏見を含む考察により、科学の面白さを伝えるエンターテイメントです。そのため、この動画はあくまでも一説であり、その真偽を確定するものではありません。
より正確な情報が必要な方は参考文献・関連研究をあたるか、信頼できる専門家に相談することをオススメします。
訂正や追加情報があれば、コメントなどに随時追記します。
Mollie Galloway, Jerusha Conner & Denise Pope (2013) Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools, The Journal of Experimental Education, 81:4, 490-510, DOI: 10.1080/00220973.2012.745469
• Total Paper Citation (6 years): 70
Schmidhuber, J. (2010). Formal theory of creativity, fun, and intrinsic motivation (1990-2010). IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 2(3), 230–247.doi: 10.1109/TAMD.2010.2056368
• Total Paper Citation (9 years): 424
Di Domenico SI and Ryan RM (2017) The Emerging Neuroscience of Intrinsic Motivation: A New Frontier in Self-Determination Research. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11:145. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00145
• Total Paper Citation (2 years): 71
Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105-115.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030644
• Total Paper Citation (48 years): 5519
Daikoku, T. (2019). Computational models and neural bases of statistical learning in music and language. Physics of Life Reviews. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2019.09.001
• Total Paper Citation: just published
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1747938X16300628
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/527e/698c21e1d853900661043f7f7bb71622971e.pdf
https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2005/06/i_always_hated_.html
Cathy Vatterott(2018)Rethinking Homework: Best Practices That Support Diverse Needs (English Edition)2nd Edition こちら、バターロットさんの本には、序文にいきなり Since the first edition of this book was published in 2009, much has changed, but the controversy surrounding homework has not abated. Research has still been unable to show proof of homework's benefit. と書いてあるのが面白いです。この本は宿題に関する様々な研究を紹介する決定版的な本ですが、初版からほぼ10年経過し、宿題に関しては様々な研究が出たものの、宿題のメリットはまだ見つかっていない。ということが前提で考察されています。
▶︎リサーチ協力
Researched by Tatsuya Daikoku Ph.D in Medicine University of Cambridge Department of Psychology https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.researchgate.net/profile/Tatsuya_Daikoku/amp
Yu Suzuki http://www.nicovideo.jp/paleo #今なら
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self-determination theory 在 Self-Determination Theory - 首頁| Facebook 的推薦與評價
Self -Determination Theory, Celebration, Florida 。 5080 個讚· 38 人正在談論這個。 Self-Determination Theory is considered one of the leading theories of ... ... <看更多>