Ethnicities/Ancestries with Outstanding Presence in Greater Boston (English version on the bottom)
說起波士頓都會區最具代表性的族群/祖裔，一般人會先想到的大概是義大利人與愛爾蘭人，的確這兩個群體在波士頓可見度非常高，而且還各自擁有屬於他們的重要節慶（哥倫布日與聖派翠克日）；不過，要說這兩個族群特別集中於波士頓似乎也不太正確，因為他們在美國本來人數就很多（愛爾蘭裔：3256萬；義大利裔：1706萬），即使沒有特別集中在波士頓還是會看起來顯得很多。
那麼，究竟有哪些族群/祖裔是明顯集中於波士頓都會區的呢？為了回答這個問題，我去找了很久沒碰的美國人口調查（US Census: ACS 2017 5-year estimate），合併了「祖裔」（Ancestry）、「種族」（Race）與「西語裔」（Hispanic）三項數據，用Excel簡單算了一下「該族群在美國的人口中，居住於波士頓的百分比」，然後選出高於4%的17個群體做出這張圖表。（波士頓都會區人口約佔全美的1.3%，因此一個群體若有高於4%的人住在波士頓，表示他們在波士頓所佔比例為全美國的3倍以上。）
出來的結果很有趣，最明顯集中在波士頓的是維德角裔（Cape Verdean），美國境內自認為是維德角人者有將近一半住在這裡；而他們的原殖民國葡萄牙，以及同樣被葡萄牙殖民的巴西，也有相當高的比例住在波士頓。西語裔雖然人數很多，唯一明顯集中於波士頓而且上榜的只有多明尼加共和國裔（Dominican）。排行榜上唯一的東亞族群是柬埔寨人，多數為內戰期間以難民身份來美。
看到這個有趣的結果之後，我興沖沖的跑去找維德角裔的朋友提這件事情，並且提到好像維德角人和葡萄牙人聚集的地方都很類似，或許當初是一起來的？結果馬上被朋友點醒——葡語裔早在19世紀就為了捕鯨而大量移民到麻州，而維德角一直到1975年才獨立建國，因此既然來自同一個「國家」，住在一起也是理所當然的啊！
When it comes to the most outstanding ethnicities/ancestries in Boston, most people would probably first think of Italian and Irish. Indeed they are quite visible and each owns a major holiday (Columbus Day and St Patrick's Day), but do they really agglomerate around Boston? Not necessary. Since they are fairly large bodies in the US, what makes them outstanding here is their overall population in the country (Irish: 32.56 million; Italian: 17.06 million), instead of their agglomeration around Boston.
Now, what ethnicities/ancestries really cluster around Boston? To answer this question, I took US Census data (ACS 2017 5-year estimate), combined three items "ancestry", "race" and "hispanic", and then did some simple math in Excel: how much of the group's US population live in Boston Urban Area? The result is this visualization, based on the top 17 groups that have the percentage greater than 4% (i.e. over 3 times of the group's average percentage in the US).
Interestingly, the top group on this list is Cape Verdean -- nearly half of their US population live in Boston. Both of their former colonizer Portuguese and fellow colony Brazil also yield fairly high ratios on the list. While Hispanic may seem numerous in Boston, the only group that makes into the list is Dominican. Also, the only East Asian group on the list is Cambodian, who predominantly came here during their civil war.
After seeing the result, I excitedly found a Cape Verdean friend and told her about this finding, and the fact that Cape Verdean and Portuguese often live close to each other. She immediately pointed out something I totally forgot -- Portuguese-speaking people started mass migration to Massachusetts in the 19th century for whaling, while Cape Verde was not a nation until 1975. If they were from the same "country", would it be surprising for them to live together?
#infographic #visualization #boston #census #capeverdean #portuguese
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