【十二萬物管王國】全面剖析港鐵物業管治術 #永續港鐵霸權 #7月專研
鐵路上蓋物業發展獲取龐大地產紅利,當中所引伸出的規劃及土地供應問題,現時已漸成為社會討論港鐵霸權的重點課題。而港鐵本身除了興建貴價私樓外,在港鐵的物業版圖不斷擴展下,亦開拓出另一門物業租務及管理(rent and property management)的管治策略,更甚有指港鐵漸漸走向物管為本的模式 (management-based model) (Aveline-Dubach, N., & Blandeau, G., 2019)。因而,現時更有需要檢視港鐵如何壟斷物管項目的方式,主宰整個社區管理,有助我們了解現時港鐵興建私樓獲利之外的地產霸權模式。
▍港鐵作為物管的「當然成員」
現時港鐵住宅物業管理的整全面貌一直少有人整理。透過整理中原地產及香港置業等地產代理網站的樓市資料,以及抽查港鐵上蓋物業的屋苑公契,便可以全面了解現時港鐵物管王國的版圖規模,揭示港鐵在物管市場的「壟斷」地位。
最新統計,港鐵到2021年有份參與的77個上蓋住宅物業項目(以項目期數作統計),當中有68個直接由港鐵的物管公司負責管理,涉及近112,759個住宅單位,近30多萬人的日常居家生活,而按照港鐵即將落成的上蓋發展項目 (如日出康城未來期數、黃竹坑上蓋、何文田上蓋等),可預計未來有近34,060個房屋單位將由港鐵物業管理,港鐵物管的規模已足以跟大地產商匹敵。
港鐵住宅物管王國列表:https://bit.ly/3BAfuC3
我們抽查當中10個屋苑的大廈公契(Deed of Mutual Covenant),揭露港鐵物管公司經常「中標」的原因:上蓋物業發展項目的公契協議中往往註明港鐵公司為發展項目的「經理人」(manager)。港鐵由招標、興建到管理,一站式包攬上蓋物業發展項目,業主購入單位時, 只能被迫接受港鐵管理其屋苑。這種起樓配物管的「銷售策略」亦經常出現在其他地產商的住宅發展項目,更反映港鐵的地產商定位愈來愈明曬。而有趣的是,雖然各大地產商都曾多次參與港鐵的物業發展項目,但最後往往由港鐵獨吞物管服務,跑贏有份參與的發展商,成為發展項目的「經理人」。手握執行大廈公契的權力,港鐵當然地主導整個屋苑的管理。
港鐵亦會將物業管理權外判予其他發展商轄下的管理公司,港鐵可以明正言順做「二房東」,既可謀取物業管理的行政收益,亦可與其他發展商保持「良好」合作關係。以港鐵與新鴻基合作發展的火炭站上蓋住宅項目駿景園為例,港鐵外判屋苑的日常管理予新鴻基轄下的啟勝管理服務有限公司負責,當屋苑出現管理開支糾紛,管理公司就有「偏幫」港鐵之嫌【註一】,更顯港鐵與發展商的互利合作關係。
除了與大地產商合作興建私樓分享地產紅利外,港鐵更跑贏其他地產商,包攬上蓋物業的管理業務,創造恆常收入。鐵路加物業發展模式預料在未來會不斷擴展,港鐵物管只會愈做愈大,正正式式以地產為本業。
▍港鐵業權壟斷全攻略
港鐵包攬眾多物業管理項目,時常有報導提及業主投訴港鐵管理問題。而背後除了管理不善外,壟斷式的物管業權操作更令港鐵可以在物管市場多年來「屹立不倒」。我們隨機抽樣翻查港鐵上蓋住宅物業的公契,發現港鐵將上蓋屋苑業權和港鐵相關的發展項目捆綁,上蓋屋苑的業主難以集合足夠業權成立業主立案法團和更換物管公司(按照《建築物管理條例》規定,一般需要得到30%業權同意),於是港鐵便可以輕易主導屋苑的物業管理。而港鐵的業權操作大致有三種:
- 「巨無霸式」業權壟斷:
例子包括數個港鐵大型屋苑,如九龍灣站的德福花園、葵芳站的新葵芳花園、荃灣站的綠楊新邨、青衣站的盈翠半島、坑口站的蔚藍灣畔、康城站的日出康城和將軍澳站天晉等等。業權分佈往往和樓面面積無關,港鐵站及車廠就已經在公契中佔總業權的51%,代表港鐵可以絕對話事,壟斷屋苑的物業管理權。
- 「堆砌式」業權整合:
透過抽樣查冊,仔細檢閱港鐵上蓋物業的公契條款,發現除了港鐵站業權(non-station shares)外,港鐵更可將住宅物業以外的發展項目業權份數一併納入公契之中,例如將軍澳站的天晉及九龍站的天璽。將軍澳站天晉的私人屋苑只佔13%業權,而港鐵竟然將商場等商業項目 (Commercial accommodation) (佔12%)和辦公室項目 (Office accommodation)(佔1.4%)納入計算總業權份數,甚至由新鴻基發展的星峰薈服務式住宅、香港九龍東皇冠假日酒店及三星級香港九龍東智選假日酒店(Hotel accommodation)(佔20%) 這些跟社區居民無關的項目也計算在內,這種業權操作在港鐵圈地式發展項目尤其常見,令港鐵及發展商仍然可以掌控大多數物業的管理話事權。
- 「落釘式」業權否決:
雖然港鐵並非坐擁每個上蓋屋苑的大多數業權,但仍有保持物管霸權的「暗黑兵法」。其實只需掌握上蓋物業發展至少20%業權,就可擁有否決權。由於按照現時《建築物管理條例》,只要有超過兩成業權人反對,業主立案法團就難以成立。歷年來只有少數港鐵上蓋屋苑成立了業主立案法團,其中海翠花園成功「取締」港鐵物管公司,箇中原因正正是港鐵所佔的業權只有18%。
在「鐵定管理權」下,港鐵無須在物管市場上與同行競爭,更可與其他地產商及承建工程商「同謀」合作,而屋苑業主根本無法取締港鐵管理公司,將加劇港鐵物管的管理不善、「黑箱」作業以至剝削小業主的情況:
- 管理費繼續狂飆:港鐵上蓋映灣園曾經試過一年管理費加價19%【註二】,而港鐵新葵芳花園亦可在疫情期間,逆市加價管理費,忽視小業主的民生訴求。
- 維修工程「頹」做:自被揭發德福花園的外牆業權不屬屋苑業主後,港鐵卻不願意答應承擔全部維修責任,全面翻新外牆,只按照強制驗樓要求,將屋苑外牆變得「一撻撻」【註三】,作為物管重中之重的維修工作都可以置之不理,可預期日後港鐵每況愈下的物管質素。
- 物管「暗黑」財務:將軍澳天晉被揭發港鐵物管公司收取的管理支出欠透明,港鐵往往會拒絕公開部分財務細節,例如個別員工詳細薪酬,以至外判標書的詳細內容,批出的工程更可能有「圍標」之嫌【註四】,而屋苑業主根本無法從中監察。
- 「收割」業主補貼公共設備:除了以往康城的行人天橋業權爭議外,翻查大圍站柏傲莊第二期的大廈公契條款,當中有列明上蓋物業發展項目的業主(包括屋苑業主和港鐵)需分擔大圍站蓋下的公共運輸交匯處(Public transport interchange)、上蓋的城市大學專上學院(Post secondary college)甚至大圍站鄰近公廁(Public toilet)等公共設施的維修開支。當上蓋物業的發展項目中所牽涉的社區公共設備愈來愈多,港鐵作為大廈公契撰寫人卻可以暗藏「補貼」條款,輕易將管理成本漸轉移至屋苑業主身上。
即使政府成立物業管理監管局,仍無法阻止港鐵壟斷式物管操作帶來的必然惡果。在可預見的港鐵的物業版圖擴展下,愈來愈多新上蓋屋苑被迫無理接受港鐵的粗暴管理,無法當家作主地決定自家屋苑的大小事務,這或者正是港鐵自稱「世界級管理」的真實面貌。
參考資料
【註一】蘋果日報(2015年05月20日):駿景園業主斥港鐵索維修費
https://web.archive.org/web/20150530084946/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20150520/19154044
【註二】蘋果日報(2013年11月2日): 管理費狂飆 映灣園加19%最狼 港鐵4屋苑平均升一成
https://web.archive.org/web/20170406015956/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20131102/18490095
【註三】獨立媒體(2021年05月25日):逾二千德福花園居民聯署 抗議大業主港鐵背信棄義拒修外牆 https://bit.ly/3zlZilG
【註四】仁聞報(2016年12月12日):薪金異常高昂 支出五花八門 港鐵物業收費欠透明
https://jmc.hksyu.edu/ourvoice/?p=7308
Aveline-Dubach, N., & Blandeau, G. (2019). The political economy of transit value capture: The changing business model of the MTRC in Hong Kong. Urban Studies, 56(16), 3415-3431.
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deed of covenant 在 與芬尼學英語 Finnie's Language Arts Facebook 的最佳貼文
94年UE係考咁嘅程度嘅野,法律系學生應該識covenant呢個字,Deed of mutual covenant 大廈公契,又稱DMC,Land Law有教過。
deed of covenant 在 Milton Goh Blog and Sermon Notes Facebook 的精選貼文
Exposing a Popular Erroneous Teaching in this Season
““If I shut up the sky so that there is no rain, or if I command the locust to devour the land, or if I send pestilence among my people; if my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves, pray, seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then I will hear from heaven, will forgive their sin, and will heal their land.” (2 Chronicles 7:13-14 WEB)
Recently, due to current events in the world, there have been many erroneous teachings based on the passage above.
People are saying that the bush fires in Australia, the locust swarms in Africa, and the COVID-19 pandemic are God’s judgments upon the world for their sins.
Most of them then sincerely ask people to turn from their sins and pray to seek God’s forgiveness so that He would heal their lands.
This is complete nonsense because if the people could turn from their sins by themselves, why was there a need for Jesus to come and die on the cross?
These erroneous teachings are just going to bring people back to bondage under the Law and make them think that God is punishing people with droughts, fires, plagues and pestilences.
“But all things are of God, who reconciled us to himself through Jesus Christ, and gave to us the ministry of reconciliation; namely, that God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself, not reckoning to them their trespasses, and having committed to us the word of reconciliation.” (2 Corinthians 5:18-19 WEB)
It is not God doing these. They are either effects of the fallen state of the earth, or caused by Satan and his demons.
“in which you once walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the children of disobedience;” (Ephesians 2:2 WEB)
Don’t forget that the apostle Paul called Satan “the prince of the power of the air”. It means that Satan has some limited power over nature in this world. Causing fires, tornadoes, pestilences and plagues are not beyond his ability.
God is not using all these bad things to threaten the world into repentance. It is not the stopping of their wicked ways that causes God to heal them and their land. God already paid for healing of mankind and the earth through the blood that Jesus shed at the cross.
To suggest that your efforts at turning from wicked ways is the basis for God healing your land is a huge insult to Jesus’ finished work at the cross.
Have you really turned from all your wicked ways in both thought and deed, and can you ensure that your whole nation does that perfectly? Don’t be foolish and go back to bondage under the Law and works-based justification.
God knows that man will continue to sin because of their sinful flesh, and He already poured out His full wrath for sins upon Jesus at the cross. You cannot perfectly stop sinning for the rest of your life because you still have sin in your flesh, but all the condemnation for sin is gone because it has all been exhausted in Jesus who was offered up as your substitute.
Can you pray for God to heal your land? Sure, do that and also pray that God will save the people in your land through the preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. But know this clearly that it is not because of you turning from your wicked ways that God hears and heals. It is because of Jesus’ finished work at the cross—the precious blood that paid for your sins and the death that established the New Covenant of Grace.
“Stand firm therefore in the liberty by which Christ has made us free, and don’t be entangled again with a yoke of bondage.” (Galatians 5:1 WEB)
Stand firmly in the freedom of Grace and don’t be again entangled in the Law!
Learn how to properly understand the Four Gospels through the Lens of Grace so that you know what applies to you today, what was for the past, and what will be for new dispensations in the future: https://bit.ly/understandeveryparable
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