保密合約(Non-disclosure agreement,亦時常簡稱為NDA)或者在契約中特別訂立保密條款,是一般商業上十分普遍的合約型式與內容。在智慧財產授權、代工或一般委任契約中經常可見,甚至在僱傭契約中也有其蹤跡。
商業行為之所以訂立保密合約的目的,當然是因為這些機密資訊帶有商業上的價值(例如具有專利價值的相關技術、具有營利價值的客戶名單等),或者可能成為敵對競爭對手的武器(例如公司未來營運上的規劃),因此必須要求知曉這些機密內容的交易對象、委託對象,甚至是自家公司的員工,都有加以保密的必要。
而交易價格算不算得上具有保密必要的資訊呢?對製造商或代理商來說,若不是採取零售模式來販售產品(也就是透過超商、賣場或電子購物方式販售),大部分都是透過與買方個別磋商買賣契約,一次出售大量產品的方式進行。
因此賣方與A協商後的價格,與賣方將產品販售給B的價格,不見得相同。如果這些價格不小心洩漏出去了,想想看,這名賣方不只可能打壞與A或B的關係(因為買貴的那方一定不開心),往後其他的客戶都會拿其中的最低價格來與賣方議價,造成賣方的獲利減少,也造成賣方在商業市場上無法再以同一種產品取得優勢,對賣方的影響十分巨大。
以現今疫苗在國際上的搶手程度來看,疫苗廠商想藉此獲取最大利益,並不足為奇。因此廠商將疫苗價格列入保密協議的範圍,要求我方在一定期間內不能洩漏有關疫苗價格的資訊,也是可以預料得到的正常商業模式。
保密協議的另一個特點,就是如果有一方沒有履行保密義務,便會面臨賠償對方損害的結果。而因為機密遭洩漏後的具體損失金額通常難以估算,因此會以「懲罰性違約金」來進行,也就是在合約中約定一個特定的賠償金額(通常會在合約標的金額的1倍到10倍之間,例如購買1億元的疫苗,賠償金額可能落在1億到10億之間),只要有人違反,另一方就可以直接求償高額的賠償,甚至導致合約解除、終止的命運。
看到這邊,相信大部分的人都能夠了解指揮中心不能透露疫苗購買價格的原因。然而每次看到記者會上還有記者跳針詢問疫苗價格,不禁令人懷疑,到底是那名記者的耳朵不好,理解力不夠,還是另有隱情呢?
另外,大家每天收看的疫情指揮中心記者會,有沒有發現有的記者提問真的非常幽默又饒富趣味呢?我們特地為大家精選了五個經典提問!
👉今天晚上八點,請大家記得準時收看瑩真律師頻道的最新影片喔!
PS.底下另外附上兩則新聞連結,一則是菲律賓官方面對媒體詢問疫苗購買價格,也是以屬於保密協議內容而無法透露來說明;另一則新聞則是尼泊爾向中國購買國藥疫苗,卻因為被媒體揭露購買價格而惹得中國森氣氣,所以疫苗價格到底是不是有保密的問題,應該可以很清楚了。
中國國藥對於尼泊爾媒體洩漏疫苗交易價格一事氣噗噗:
https://www.livemint.com/news/world/china-unhappy-with-nepal-over-disclosure-of-sinopharm-covid-vaccine-price-11624146501724.html
菲律賓官方指出疫苗價格屬於保密條款規定範圍,無法對外揭露:
https://www.rappler.com/nation/covid-19-vaccine-prices-still-covered-non-disclosure-agreements
同時也有21部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過15萬的網紅DrTech,也在其Youtube影片中提到,SAMSUNG GALAXY M32 VS SAMSUNG GALAXY M31 Hey guys, in this video i did a animated specs comparison between the Galaxy M32 against M31. So if you lik...
nepal news 在 新‧二七部隊 軍事雜談 Facebook 的最讚貼文
網路安全報告
資安媒體Cyberscoop報導,美國網安諮詢公司「記錄未來」(Recorded Future)情報研究部門Insikt Group發布報告指出,台灣工研院(ITRI)、尼泊爾電信(Nepal Telecom)及菲律賓資訊與通訊科技部等,遭到疑似中國政府資助的駭客團體鎖定,將成為網路攻擊目標
其中近年來,中國駭客團體鎖定台灣多家半導體產業相關公司,企圖獲取原始碼、軟體開發工具包和晶片設計
美國資安公司:台灣工研院疑遭中國駭客鎖定
https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202107100139.aspx
nepal news 在 孫怡琳 Facebook 的最佳解答
跟著怡琳看世界 26
Delta plus: Scientists say too early to tell risk of Covid-19 variant
Delta Plus:科學家說判斷新冠變異的風險還為時過早
monoclonal antibody 單株抗體
potent 有效的
intravenous 靜脈注射的
neutralise 中和
sample 樣本
India's health ministry says studies showed that the so-called Delta plus variant - also known as AY.1 - spreads more easily, binds more easily to lung cells and is potentially resistant to monoclonal antibody therapy, a potent intravenous infusion of antibodies to neutralise the virus.
印度衛生部表示,研究顯示,所謂的Delta Plus變種,也稱作為AY.1,更容易傳播,更容易與肺細胞結合,並且可能對單株抗體療法產生抗藥性-這是一種有效的靜脈內注射抗體中和病毒療法。
The variant is related to the Delta, an existing variant of concern, which was first identified in India last year and is thought to have driven the deadly second wave of infections this summer in India.
這種變種與Delta相關,是一種現有令人擔憂的變種,該變種病毒去年首度在印度被發現,並被認為是在今天夏天引發印度致命性第二波疫情的原因。
The health ministry says the Delta plus variant, first found in India in April, has been detected in around 40 samples from six districts in three states. At least 16 of these samples were found in Maharashtra, one of the states hardest hit by the pandemic.
衛生部表示,Delta Plus變種在4月在印度3個邦的6個地區,大約40個樣本中首度被發現。其中至少有16個樣本在馬哈拉什特拉邦發現的,是受到疫情影響最嚴重的邦。
Delta plus has also been found in nine other countries - USA, UK, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, Poland, Nepal, Russia and China - compared to the original highly contagious Delta strain, which has now spread to 80 countries.
Delta Plus在其他9個國家,美國、英國、葡萄牙、瑞士、日本、波蘭、尼泊爾、俄羅斯和大陸,也被發現,而最初的高傳染性Delta病毒,已經傳播到80個國家。
文章來源
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57564560
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SAMSUNG GALAXY M32 VS SAMSUNG GALAXY M31
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Routine of Nepal banda, Kathmandu, Nepal. 2750123 likes · 670868 talking about this. We are an officially registered news media under the name Routine... ... <看更多>