關於 social nature中文 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

你覺得自己的「時間」足夠嗎？是否覺得當代社會之中，每個人除了時間可能因為專業能力與社會位置不等價之外，每個人甚至所能支配的時間其實也有很大的落差。如果你也有類似的感受，可能正面臨到「時間貧窮」的問題。

這篇來自【CUP】上的文章，帶我們跟著學者一起關注「時間貧窮」的問題，也帶我們反思自己是否也陷入時間貧窮的問題陷阱之中。

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2020 年，倫敦商學院行為科學家 Laura Giurge 為首的研究團隊，在權威科學期刊 Nature Human Behavior 發表研究文章，呼籲各國政府正視時間貧窮的問題。簡單來說，時間貧窮即長期感到手頭上有太多工作，沒有足夠時間處理。在 2018 年，民調機構蓋洛普（Gallup）進行調查，80% 受訪美國工人表示時間從來不夠用。無論發達國家抑或發展中國家，時間貧窮的問題都很嚴重，在武肺疫情之下，很多人要背負更多家務勞動，令情況更嚴峻。

Giurge 團隊分析指，時間貧窮與社會結構（social structure）改變有關，例如經濟結構方面，工作環境愈來愈不穩定，一個美國工人平均一生轉工 11 次，更難言子承父業。同時，工作節奏也愈來愈急促，要以更短時間完成更複雜的任務；市場全球化又催生所謂的「24／7 經濟」（24/7 Economy），很多公司全日都在運作。另一方面，時間貧窮也是主觀的感覺，資訊科技日漸發達，人們每天有更多選擇和機會，也令人更憂慮會錯失體驗的機會，總是感覺時間不夠用。

（以上引用網頁原文）

https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/02/04/time-poverty/?fbclid=IwAR3-5m0t5VgMlu6vLflnaXAHPhFN87q4ivdmKLLHTQfq1XX4m8bwmVEedJg#.YBu4OODyazI.facebook

今早為Asian Medical Students Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK)的新一屆執行委員會就職典禮作致詞分享嘉賓，題目為「疫情中的健康不公平」。
感謝他們的熱情款待以及為整段致詞拍了影片。以下我附上致詞的英文原稿：

It's been my honor to be invited to give the closing remarks for the Inauguration Ceremony for the incoming executive committee of the Asian Medical Students' Association Hong Kong (AMSAHK) this morning. A video has been taken for the remarks I made regarding health inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic (big thanks to the student who withstood the soreness of her arm for holding the camera up for 15 minutes straight), and here's the transcript of the main body of the speech that goes with this video:

//The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be rampant around the world since early 2020, resulting in more than 55 million cases and 1.3 million deaths worldwide as of today. (So no! It’s not a hoax for those conspiracy theorists out there!) A higher rate of incidence and deaths, as well as worse health-related quality of life have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, including people of lower socioeconomic position, older persons, migrants, ethnic minority and communities of color, etc. While epidemiologists and scientists around the world are dedicated in gathering scientific evidence on the specific causes and determinants of the health inequalities observed in different countries and regions, we can apply the Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework developed by the World Health Organization team led by the eminent Prof Sir Michael Marmot, world’s leading social epidemiologist, to understand and delineate these social determinants of health inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to this framework, social determinants of health can be largely categorized into two types – 1) the lower stream, intermediary determinants, and 2) the upper stream, structural and macro-environmental determinants. For the COVID-19 pandemic, we realized that the lower stream factors may include material circumstances, such as people’s living and working conditions. For instance, the nature of the occupations of these people of lower socioeconomic position tends to require them to travel outside to work, i.e., they cannot work from home, which is a luxury for people who can afford to do it. This lack of choice in the location of occupation may expose them to greater risk of infection through more transportation and interactions with strangers. We have also seen infection clusters among crowded places like elderly homes, public housing estates, and boarding houses for foreign domestic helpers. Moreover, these socially disadvantaged people tend to have lower financial and social capital – it can be observed that they were more likely to be deprived of personal protective equipment like face masks and hand sanitizers, especially during the earlier days of the pandemic. On the other hand, the upper stream, structural determinants of health may include policies related to public health, education, macroeconomics, social protection and welfare, as well as our governance… and last, but not least, our culture and values. If the socioeconomic and political contexts are not favorable to the socially disadvantaged, their health and well-being will be disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Therefore, if we, as a society, espouse to address and reduce the problem of health inequalities, social determinants of health cannot be overlooked in devising and designing any public health-related strategies, measures and policies.

Although a higher rate of incidence and deaths have been widely observed in the socially disadvantaged groups, especially in countries with severe COVID-19 outbreaks, this phenomenon seems to be less discussed and less covered by media in Hong Kong, where the disease incidence is relatively low when compared with other countries around the world. Before the resurgence of local cases in early July, local spread of COVID-19 was sporadic and most cases were imported. In the earlier days of the pandemic, most cases were primarily imported by travelers and return-students studying overseas, leading to a minor surge between mid-March and mid-April of 874 new cases. Most of these cases during Spring were people who could afford to travel and study abroad, and thus tended to be more well-off. Therefore, some would say the expected social gradient in health impact did not seem to exist in Hong Kong, but may I remind you that, it is only the case when we focus on COVID-19-specific incidence and mortality alone. But can we really deduce from this that COVID-19-related health inequality does not exist in Hong Kong? According to the Social Determinants of Health Framework mentioned earlier, the obvious answer is “No, of course not.” And here’s why…

In addition to the direct disease burden, the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated containment measures (such as economic lockdown, mandatory social distancing, and change of work arrangements) could have unequal wider socioeconomic impacts on the general population, especially in regions with pervasive existing social inequalities. Given the limited resources and capacity of the socioeconomically disadvantaged to respond to emergency and adverse events, their general health and well-being are likely to be unduly and inordinately affected by the abrupt changes in their daily economic and social conditions, like job loss and insecurity, brought about by the COVID-19 outbreak and the corresponding containment and mitigation measures of which the main purpose was supposedly disease prevention and health protection at the first place. As such, focusing only on COVID-19 incidence or mortality as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities may leave out important aspects of life that contributes significantly to people’s health. Recently, my research team and I collaborated with Sir Michael Marmot in a Hong Kong study, and found that the poor people in Hong Kong fared worse in every aspects of life than their richer counterparts in terms of economic activity, personal protective equipment, personal hygiene practice, as well as well-being and health after the COVID-19 outbreak. We also found that part of the observed health inequality can be attributed to the pandemic and its related containment measures via people’s concerns over their own and their families’ livelihood and economic activity. In other words, health inequalities were contributed by the pandemic even in a city where incidence is relatively low through other social determinants of health that directly concerned the livelihood and economic activity of the people. So in this study, we confirmed that focusing only on the incident and death cases as the outcomes of concern to address health inequalities is like a story half-told, and would severely truncate and distort the reality.

Truth be told, health inequality does not only appear after the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, it is a pre-existing condition in countries and regions around the world, including Hong Kong. My research over the years have consistently shown that people in lower socioeconomic position tend to have worse physical and mental health status. Nevertheless, precisely because health inequality is nothing new, there are always voices in our society trying to dismiss the problem, arguing that it is only natural to have wealth inequality in any capitalistic society. However, in reckoning with health inequalities, we need to go beyond just figuring out the disparities or differences in health status between the poor and the rich, and we need to raise an ethically relevant question: are these inequalities, disparities and differences remediable? Can they be fixed? Can we do something about them? If they are remediable, and we can do something about them but we haven’t, then we’d say these inequalities are ultimately unjust and unfair. In other words, a society that prides itself in pursuing justice must, and I say must, strive to address and reduce these unfair health inequalities. Borrowing the words from famed sociologist Judith Butler, “the virus alone does not discriminate,” but “social and economic inequality will make sure that it does.” With COVID-19, we learn that it is not only the individuals who are sick, but our society. And it’s time we do something about it.

Thank you very much!//

Please join me in congratulating the incoming executive committee of AMSAHK and giving them the best wishes for their future endeavor!

Roger Chung, PhD
Assistant Professor, CUHK JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, @CUHK Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港中文大學 - CUHK
Associate Director, CUHK Institute of Health Equity

原來是因為文物有保存問題才被列入"觀察名單"，真的是連慚愧都來不及...

以下節錄自"World Heritage Magazine 世界遺產雜誌"

======
中元節過了還有萬聖節，見鬼見不完

國內的報導多以列名WMF World Monumnets Watch為榮，如風傳媒「這次能獲不受會員國身分限制的國際非營利組織肯定與青睞……」或中央社「……屏東魯凱族石板屋聚落雀屏中選」，但事實上WMF關切的是名單中文化紀念物（monuments）的危機，也就是說正因為這個重要的物件在保存上大有問題才會被列入「觀察名單」（Watch list）。如同其2016年名單前言：The 2016 World Monuments Watch features 50 sites in 36 countries that are at risk from the forces of nature and the impact of social, political, and economic change.

所以，慚愧都來不及，高興什麼。至於又扯上「世界遺產」，我認為媒體還沒有能力「魚目混珠」，就是抄襲與不求證。要靠他們與世界接軌不如見鬼。

2016 WMW https://www.wmf.org/watch/watch_year/2016

風傳媒 http://www.storm.mg/article/69496
關鍵評論 http://www.thenewslens.com/post/233243/
中央社 http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201510160118-1.aspx

#WMF World Monuments Fund

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